What does the term naturalization refer to?

Naturalization is the legal process through which a foreign national acquires citizenship in a country, specifically in the United States. This involves several steps, including demonstrating knowledge of U.S. history and government, showing proficiency in English, and taking an oath of allegiance. Once these requirements are satisfied, the individual becomes a U.S. citizen, gaining the rights and responsibilities associated with citizenship, such as voting and holding public office.

The other options do not capture the essence of naturalization. While immigrating to another country is a significant step toward potentially becoming a citizen, it does not define the process itself. Being a natural-born citizen refers to individuals who are citizens from birth, not through a process. Finally, renouncing citizenship is the opposite of becoming a citizen, as it signifies the voluntary relinquishment of one's citizenship status. Each of these concepts is related to citizenship but distinct from the process of naturalization described in the correct answer.