Which concept refers to powers not specifically granted to the federal government?

The concept that refers to powers not specifically granted to the federal government is known as reserved powers. These powers are designated for the states or the people, as outlined in the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment states that any powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved for the states or the people, thereby allowing states to exercise authority in areas not expressly covered by federal law.

This reflects the principle of federalism, where both the federal and state governments have their own distinct powers and responsibilities. Reserved powers empower states to enact laws and regulations that address local needs and preferences, such as education policies, health care regulations, and law enforcement practices.

The other concepts listed are distinct in their definitions: enumerated powers are those explicitly stated in the Constitution, concurrent powers are those shared by both federal and state governments, and implied powers are those not explicitly mentioned but necessary to execute enumerated powers effectively. Therefore, reserved powers are specifically the ones that remain under the authority of the states.